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IC Card Technology and Its Applications (Written by our company staff, published by Science Press. Available for purchase throughout the country)
Product Name: IC Card Technology and Its Applications (Written by our staff, published by Science Press, available for purchase across the country)
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From an application perspective, this book elaborates on the basic principles, key characteristics and application methods of various existing IC cards (including memory cards, counter cards, logic encrypted cards, protocol authentication cards, TM cards, CPU cards and RF cards). By reading this book, readers can comprehensively and systematically master all types of IC cards and their related knowledge. Combining multiple application examples, the book presents a wealth of practical electrical schematic diagrams, specific MCU programs and programming flow charts.
This book can serve as a textbook for college students majoring in electronic information to learn IC card and its application technologies, and also as a reference book for engineers and technicians engaged in IC card applications.
Preface
Since its advent, IC card technology has been developing continuously and rapidly. Today, IC cards are widely used in electronic payment, attendance management, mobile communication, hardware and software anti-piracy, identity recognition, medical and health care, social insurance and other fields. For students majoring in electronic information and related disciplines, IC card technology has become an essential practical skill to master.
IC card technology is a comprehensive applied technology course, covering analog and digital electronic technology, MCU and interface technology, serial communication, information coding, cryptography and other courses. Analog and digital electronic technology, as well as MCU and interface technology, are the essential foundations for reading this book. From an application-oriented standpoint, this book introduces the basic principles, main features and application methods of several existing types of IC cards, and only briefly covers the knowledge of serial communication, information coding and cryptography involved in IC card applications. By reading this book, students can comprehensively and systematically grasp various types of IC cards and their related knowledge, and complete the design of general IC card application systems with the help of the typical application examples provided in the book.
This book is divided into six chapters in total. Chapter 1 introduces some relevant basic knowledge, mainly including the concept of IC cards, the principle of serial data communication, the CRC principle for serial data verification and a brief introduction to the main technical standards of IC cards. Chapter 2 focuses on contact IC cards and their applications, covering memory cards, counter cards, logic encrypted cards, as well as the newly emerged protocol authentication cards with higher security. Chapter 3 is specially dedicated to Dallas Semiconductor's proprietary TM cards, namely the iButton secure memory devices based on the 1-Wire bus and their applications. Chapter 4 introduces the functions, main technical indicators and COS (Card Operating System) of CPU cards. Chapter 5 expounds on the basic principles, characteristics and interface methods of contactless IC cards. Chapter 6 briefly discusses the security issues of IC card stored data, mainly including IC card password security, stored data security, data integrity and communication security.
This book is a volume in the planned textbook series for information and electronic technology majors in institutions of higher education. During the compilation process, we received great help and encouragement from Professor Wu Liming of Guangdong University of Technology, Mr. Lv Jianzhong and Ms. Li Wei of Science Press, to whom we express our sincere gratitude! Chen Kuncheng, Wei Fangming, Hu Xingmin from Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University compiled the MCU programs for the application examples in this book; Yang Jiexue from South China University of Technology, Ye Fenghua and Zhu Wenhua from Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University completed a great deal of text work for the book, and we would like to thank them for their contributions. In addition, we are grateful to Mr. Shi ying and Mr. Liu Lijia from Atmel Corporation's Beijing Office, who not only reviewed the relevant content of Chapter 3 but also provided strong support and assistance.
IC card technology involves trivial and extensive content, making it no easy task to sort out a complete and clear framework. In compiling this book, the author has strived for comprehensive content, clear thinking and thorough explanations. Due to the author's limited academic level and time constraints, shortcomings are inevitably present in the book, and all comments and corrections are sincerely welcome.
Author's E-mail Address: yang1006@21cn.com or yang1006@pub.guangzhou.gd.cn.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge of IC Cards ........................................................................ 1
1.1 Concept of IC Cards ........................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Main Characteristics of IC Cards ................................................................ 1
1.1.2 Development History of IC Cards ............................................................... 1
1.1.3 Application Fields of IC Cards .................................................................. 2
1.1.4 Classification of IC Cards ......................................................................... 3
1.1.5 Basic Composition of IC Card Application Systems ................................... 4
1.1.6 Card Base Materials of IC Cards ................................................................. 4
1.2 I2C Bus ........................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Characteristics of I2C Bus ........................................................................ 5
1.2.2 Composition and Signal Types of I2C Bus ............................................... 5
1.2.3 Basic Operations of I2C Bus ..................................................................... 6
1.3 Principle of CRC Code ................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 CRC Code Algorithm ................................................................................ 7
1.3.2 Implementation Method of CRC Code Hardware Circuit ......................... 8
1.3.3 Bit-oriented CRC Code Algorithm ............................................................. 9
1.4 Relevant Standards for IC Card Technology ................................................... 9
1.4.1 Basic Standards for IC Cards ................................................................... 10
1.4.2 Standards and Specifications for IC Card Applications ........................... 11
1.4.3 Standards for IC Card Terminals ............................................................. 12
1.4.4 Testing Standards for IC Cards ................................................................ 12
Exercises ............................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2 Contact IC Cards ...................................................................................... 14
2.1 Memory Cards .............................................................................................. 14
2.1.1 AT24CXX Series Memory Cards .............................................................. 14
2.1.2 AT45D041 Memory Card ........................................................................ 21
2.2 Counter Cards .............................................................................................. 27
2.2.1 Main Characteristics of SLE4406 Counter Card ...................................... 28
2.2.2 Memory Allocation of SLE4406 Counter Card ....................................... 28
2.2.3 Security Features of SLE4406 Counter Card .......................................... 29
2.2.4 Operation Timing of SLE4406 Counter Card .......................................... 29
2.2.5 Password Verification of SLE4406 Counter Card ................................... 30
2.3 Logic Encrypted Cards .................................................................................. 30
2.3.1 SLE4442 Logic Encrypted Card .............................................................. 30
2.3.2 Brief Introduction to Several Common Logic Encrypted Cards .............. 34
2.3.3 Application Examples of Logic Encrypted Cards .................................... 35
2.4 Encrypted Memory Cards with Protocol Authentication Function ................ 41
2.4.1 AT88SC1608 Protocol Authentication Card ........................................... 42
2.4.2 AT88SC153 Protocol Authentication Card ............................................. 46
2.4.3 AT88SC0104C~25616C Series Protocol Authentication Cards ............. 50
2.5 Development of Contact IC Card Application Systems ................................. 55
2.5.1 Contact IC Card Sockets ........................................................................ 55
2.5.2 Development of Contact IC Card Application Systems .......................... 55
2.5.3 Development of Protocol Authentication Card Application Systems ...... 56
2.5.4 Example of Product Encryption Using Protocol Authentication Cards ... 57
Exercises ............................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 3 iButton (TM Card) ................................................................................... 60
3.1 1-Wire Serial Data Communication .............................................................. 61
3.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................ 61
3.1.2 Hardware Structure ................................................................................ 61
3.1.3 1-Wire Operation Flow .......................................................................... 61
3.1.4 Basic ROM Commands ........................................................................... 62
3.1.5 Main Response Timing ........................................................................... 66
3.1.6 Hardware Interface Methods for iButtons ............................................. 68
3.2 Multi-Key iButton DS1991 .......................................................................... 69
3.2.1 Main Characteristics and Technical Parameters ...................................... 69
3.2.2 Commands and Operation Modes ............................................................ 70
3.2.3 Software Programming of DS1991 .......................................................... 77
3.3 iButton DS1961S with SHA-1 Engine Protection ........................................ 87
3.3.1 Main Characteristics and Technical Parameters ...................................... 87
3.3.2 Memory Allocation of DS1961S ............................................................. 88
3.3.3 Address Register and Transfer Status ..................................................... 89
3.3.4 EN_LFS Flag .......................................................................................... 90
3.3.5 Data Writing and Verification ................................................................ 90
3.3.6 Commands and Operation Modes ............................................................ 91
3.3.7 Brief Introduction to SHA-1 Algorithm ................................................ 108
3.3.8 CRC Generation ................................................................................... 109
3.3.9 Electrical Characteristics of DS1961S .................................................. 109
3.3.10 Software Programming of DS1961S .................................................... 112
3.4 Development of iButton Application Systems ............................................ 116
3.4.1 Basic Development Tools ..................................................................... 116
3.4.2 Software Development Tools ................................................................. 116
Exercises ............................................................................................................. 117
Chapter 4 CPU Cards and Application Systems ...................................................... 118
4.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 118
4.1.1 Composition of CPU Cards ................................................................... 118
4.1.2 Main Technical Parameters of Common CPU Cards ............................ 118
4.1.3 Interface Methods of CPU Cards .......................................................... 120
4.2 AT90SC Series CPU Cards ........................................................................ 120
4.2.1 Main Characteristics and Technical Parameters .................................... 120
4.2.2 Composition of AT90SC3232C CPU Card ........................................... 121
4.2.3 Coprocessor and RAM of AT90SC3232C CPU Card ........................... 122
4.3 Card Operating System (COS) .................................................................. 122
4.3.1 Architecture of COS ............................................................................. 122
4.3.2 File Management of COS ..................................................................... 123
4.3.3 Security System of COS ....................................................................... 124
4.3.4 Reset Response of COS ........................................................................ 125
4.3.5 Common Commands and Responses of COS ......................................... 126
4.3.6 Command Encoding ............................................................................. 127
4.3.7 Response Encoding .............................................................................. 127
4.3.8 Brief Introduction to COS of Domestic Manufacturers ........................ 127
4.4 SIM Cards .................................................................................................. 129
4.4.1 Functions of SIM Cards ....................................................................... 130
4.4.2 Data Files of SIM Cards ....................................................................... 130
4.4.3 COS Commands of SIM Cards .............................................................. 130
4.4.4 PIN Codes of SIM Cards ....................................................................... 131
4.4.5 Surface Codes of SIM Cards ................................................................ 131
4.5 Development and Application of CPU Cards ............................................ 131
4.5.1 Selection of COS ................................................................................. 131
4.5.2 Development Tools for CPU Cards ....................................................... 132
Exercises ............................................................................................................. 132
Chapter 5 Contactless IC Cards ............................................................................ 133
5.1 Basic Principles of Contactless IC Cards .................................................. 134
5.1.1 Energy Transfer of Contactless IC Cards ............................................ 134
5.1.2 Communication of Contactless IC Cards ............................................. 134
5.1.3 Anti-Collision of Contactless IC Cards ................................................ 136
5.1.4 Main Models of Contactless IC Cards .................................................. 146
5.2 Mifare 1 Contactless IC Cards .................................................................. 147
5.2.1 Performance Overview of Mifare 1 Contactless IC Cards ................... 147
5.2.2 Composition of Mifare 1 Contactless IC Cards ................................... 148
5.2.3 Password Authentication of Mifare 1 Contactless IC Cards ............... 149
5.2.4 Memory Structure of Mifare 1 S50 Contactless IC Card ................... 150
5.2.5 Memory Operations of Mifare 1 Contactless IC Cards ....................... 152
5.2.6 Access Control of Mifare 1 S50 Contactless IC Card ....................... 152
5.2.7 Commands of Mifare 1 S50 Contactless IC Card ............................... 153
5.3 RF Interface Integrated Circuits for Contactless IC Cards ...................... 154
5.3.1 Main Functions and Characteristics .................................................... 155
5.3.2 Packaging and Pins ............................................................................. 155
5.3.3 Basic Composition ............................................................................... 156
5.3.4 Parallel Interface ................................................................................ 157
5.3.5 Registers .............................................................................................. 158
5.3.6 EEPROM Memory Structure ................................................................ 171
5.3.7 FIFO Buffer ........................................................................................ 173
5.3.8 Interrupts ............................................................................................ 173
5.3.9 Timers ................................................................................................. 174
5.3.10 Power-Saving Modes ......................................................................... 175
5.3.11 Startup Process ................................................................................ 175
5.3.12 Command Set ................................................................................... 176
5.3.13 Authentication and Encryption .......................................................... 182
5.4 Applications of Contactless IC Cards ........................................................ 182
5.4.1 Readers/Writers for Contactless IC Cards ........................................... 182
5.4.2 Interface Methods of Contactless IC Cards ......................................... 182
5.4.3 Antenna Design .................................................................................. 183
5.4.4 Application Examples of Contactless IC Cards ................................... 183
5.5 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Cards ........................................... 193
5.5.1 Basic Composition of RFID Cards ....................................................... 194
5.5.2 Tag-it Series RFID Cards of TI Corporation ....................................... 194
Exercises ............................................................................................................. 195
Chapter 6 Security Issues of IC Cards .................................................................. 196
6.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 196
6.2 Data Encryption ........................................................................................ 196
6.2.1 Brief Introduction to Cryptography ..................................................... 197
6.2.2 DES Algorithm ................................................................................... 198
6.2.3 RSA Algorithm ................................................................................... 205
6.3 Data Security Issues and Measures ............................................................ 206
6.3.1 Password Security ............................................................................. 206
6.3.2 Stored Data Security .......................................................................... 206
6.3.3 Data Integrity ..................................................................................... 206
Exercises ............................................................................................................. 209
Main References ................................................................................................ 210
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